In this study, the life history characteristics of Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault), an established egg parasitoid species in southwestern Iran, parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were examined at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C. The results showed that different constant temperatures significantly affected the number of parasitized eggs, development time, sex ratio, tibial length, number of parasitoids per host egg, progeny longevity, and fecundity. T. euproctidis failed to complete development at 18 °C, the lowest temperature tested. The mean developmental duration from egg to adult female decreased from 15.33 days at 21 °C to 7.25 days at 33 °C. An average of 188-degree days was required to complete development above the lower threshold temperature (7.2 °C). Survivorship was 96.20, 97.20, 98.33, 85.46, and 82.22 % at 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C, respectively. The mean longevity of T. euproctidis ranged from 11.60 days at 21 °C to 4.57 days at 33 °C. Mean total progeny ranged from 19.50 / female at 33 °C to 168.70 / female at 21 °C. Data analysis demonstRATEd that different constant temperatures had a significant effect on the net reproductive RATE (R0), INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE (r), finite RATE of INCREASE (λ), and generation time (T). The INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE (r) improved with temperature from 0.240/day at 21°C to 0.370/day at 27 °C and then decreased at higher temperatures. Generation time decreased from 16.90 days to 7.53 days with increasing temperature. The optimal temperature for development and reproduction of T. euproctidis was 27 °C. The results of this study showed that this strain of T. euproctidis appears to have the potential to be utilized in integRATEd management programs targeting H. armigera.

Air conditioning systems are used in industries and residential environments with the aim of improving environmental conditions and creating a comfortable temperature for users. Considering the production of sound and vibration in most of its components, the lack of control of the production sound level always exposes the users to unwanted sound, which in addition to hearing complications, also causes fatigue and dissatisfaction with the environmental conditions. . Compressors are one of the most important sources of sound production in air conditioning systems, and screw compressors are one of the most widely used in air conditioning industries. Therefore, the compressor shell should be designed to minimize the transmission of sound from inside to outside. Since the maximum working temperature of compressors is up to 80 degrees Celsius, therefore, in this research, an acoustic test was performed on a sample of a screw compressor shell in two modes of ambient temperature and maximum working temperature inside the acoustic room, and the effect of temperature INCREASE on the sound pressure level. transferred from the shell to the external environment is discussed. Finally, based on the frequency analysis performed in two conditions of ambient temperature and maximum working temperature and comparing the amount of sound transmitted to the environment at different frequencies, practical solutions to reduce the amount of transmitted sound pressure have been presented.

Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the most important pests of agronomic in greenhouse’s crops and ornamental plants. In this study, the effect of sublethal dose of Fumria parviflora (Lamark) (Papaverales: Fumariaceae) extract on the age-stage, two-sex life table parameters of B. tabaci was evaluated. While insect was reared on sensitive (Ergon) and resistant (Cal j n3) tomato cultivars. A total of 30 adult insects of the same age were released into glass cage and the adults were removed after 24 hours. All less than 24 hours old eggs remained and the fecundity were recorded daily until the end of the last day of life. Experiments were done in greenhouse under controlled condition; 27 ± 2°C , 50 ± 5 %rh and 16 h light/8 h dark. Results showed lower INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE, gross reproductive RATE and net reproductive RATE of pest on resistant varieties Cal j n3 with amount of 0.062 d-1, 37.2 egg/individual and 10.1 egg/individual respectively, than insects reared on susceptible cultivar, Eregon which were treated with Fumaria extract with amount of 0.071 d-1, 39.85 egg/individual and 13.82 egg/individual respectively. The INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE reduction in control treatment of Cal j n3 cultivar showed the effect of resistant cultivars on pest population dynamic. Although extract of fumaria application INCREASEd a crash of population on both cultivars, coeffect of resistancy and herbal pesticide application showed a better result. The highest INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE was observed in control and ergon  treatments with 0.1 d-1 and the lowest RATE was recorded on F. parviflora+ Cal j n3 (0.06 d-1) ones. Therefore, usage of resistant varieties beside the herbal pesticides application showe deeply effect on this pest population density and is very important in its IPM stRATEgy.

The biology of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani, one of the most important pests of cereals in Varamin region of Iran, was studied in laboratory at 20±1oC, 60-70% R.H. and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) hours. The experiment was carried out by rearing aphids on the leaves of six common wheat varieties including: Mahdavi, Kavir, Niknezhad, Azadi Tabasi, and Ghods using leaf cages. The nymphal development time, mortality, longevity and adult fertility of the aphid were recorded daily. The INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE (rm), finite RATE of INCREASE (l), and doubling time (DT) parameters were calculated. Results revealed that nymphal mortality RATE was very low resembling that on sensitive wheat varieties. The aphid had relatively high longevity and short nymphai development time on all mentioned wheat varieties. The lowest aphid fertility RATE was obtained on Kavir comparing to the fertility yielded on Mahdavi and Tabasi that was significantly higher (P<0.01). Estimation of the INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE revealed that the wheat varieties studied were susceptible to aphid, for the reason that the aphid population INCREASEd by constant exponential RATE of 0.252-0.310 female/female/day. This showed high population INCREASE potential at suitable conditions in the absence of natural enemies. Results proved that the Niknezhad, Tabasi and Ghods were the most suitable wheat varieties for rearing the aphid. The lowest RATE of fertility, INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE, and finite RATE of INCREASE, and the longest doubling time of aphid population were observed on Kavir, due to lower fecundity and longer nymphal development period. Therefore, the aphid population INCREASE potential on Kavir was lower than that on the other varieties and so, expansion of sowing Kavir in Varamin region most probably may not result in aphid population INCREASE.

The current study aimed to optimize artificial insemination in aged broiler breeder hens in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of (two) different diluted semen temperatures (5 and 25 °C) of Hubbard rooster (40 roosters, 58 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and sperm penetration (SP) RATE in the perivitelline layer of Hubbard hen (180 hens) were investigated. In the second experiment, three (different) sperm concentrations (100 (C100), 200 (C200), and 400 (C400) million sperm in 0.25 mL per hen) of Hubbard roosters (40 roosters, 62 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and SP RATE of Hubbard broiler breeder hens (270 hens) were explored. In the first experiment, the results showed that the temperature of 5 °C of diluted semen compared to the 25 °C, INCREASEd percentage of hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, and SP and decreased early embryonic mortality. The results of the second experiment showed the highest percentage of fertility and SP RATE were observed at treatment C400. Also, in this experiment that highest percentage of hatchability of set eggs and hatchability of fertile eggs and lowest early embryonic mortality were observed at treatment C400. Return on investment (ROI) of the treatments C200 and C400 was approximately 2.9 and 1.4, respectively. In overall, the results of this study showed that (in attention to ROI and hatchability) to optimize artificial insemination of aged broiler breeder hens we can use a sperm concentration of 200 to 400 million in 0.25 mL per hens at 5 °C.

Evaluating the cutting RATE (CR) of stones is important in the cost estimation and the planning of the stone processing plants. This research used regression models to estimate the stones’ CR based on their physico-mechanical characteristics. Stone processing factories in Mahallat City (Markazi province, Iran) were visited, and the CR of diamond circular saws was recorded on six different travertine stones. Next, the stone block samples were collected from the quarries for laboratory tests. Stones’ porosity (n), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Schmidt hammer hardness (SH) were determined in the laboratory as their physico-mechanical characteristics. Correlation relationships of CR with physico-mechanical characteristics were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses, and estimator models were developed. Results showed that multiple regression models are more reliable than simple regression for estimating the stones’ CR. The validity of the developed multiple regression models was verified with the published data of one researcher. The findings indicated that these models are accuRATE enough for estimating the CR of stones. Consequently, the multiple regression models provide practical advantages for estimating the CR and save time and cost during the planning and design of the stone processing factories.

The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is an effective factor on the growth, development, and reproduction of phytophagous insects. To investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L., plants rape oilseed (RGS003cultivar) were treated with four nitrogen levels (zero (check) 50, 100, and 150% of recommended levels. The results showed that INCREASE in nitrogen fertilization resulted in INCREASE in the percentage of soluble nitrogen concentration in plants. All the experiments were carried out at environmental chamber (25±1oC, 70±10% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod). The aphids feeding on plants receiving higher nitrogen fertilizer (150%) had shorter pre-reproduction period, longer reproductive, as well as greater fecundity, although nitrogen fertilization had no effect on adult longevity. The INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE in four treatments was determined as 0.249, 0.215, 0.267, and 0.317 (female/female/day), respectively. The results revealed that cabbage aphid developed on treated plant with 150% nitrogen had the highest population growth. This means that higher nitrogen fertilization improves the susceptibility of rape oilseed for cabbage aphid.

The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is an effective factor on the growth, development as well as reproduction of phytophagous insects. To investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on green aphid, Schizaphis graminum, wheat considering as a significant host for aphid was treated with four nitrogen levels. Nitrogen fertilization treatments included zero (check) 50, 100, and 150% of recommended levels. Rearing containers were placed into environmental chamber (25±1oC, 70±10% RH, and 16:8 L:D photoperiod). The results showed that INCREASE in nitrogen fertilization resulted in INCREASE in the percentage of soluble nitrogen concentration in plants (%). The aphids feeding on plants receiving higher nitrogen fertilizer (150%) had longer reproduction period, maturity period as well as greater fecundity and longer longevity, although nitrogen fertilization had no effect pre-reproduction period and post-reprodution period. INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE of aphid was calculated on various treatments using Wyatt and White method. The INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE in treatments of 0, 50, 100, 150% were determined as 0.246, 0.266, 0.263, and 0.267 (female/female/day), respectively. The results demonstRATEd that green aphids feeding on fertilized plants showed to have greater reproduction abilities of aphids comparing check treatment (%).

Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) is an important endoparasitoid of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabaeScopoli. In this study, sublethal effects of the field recommended concentration of deltamethrin (0.5 ml a.i./l) were evaluated on the parasitoid in a growth chamber at 21±1°C, 60 ± 5% RH and a 16: 8 h (L: D) photoperiod. One-day-old mummies were exposed to the insecticide via dipping method.Distilled water was used in the control treatment. The demographic parameters of emerged adults from treated mummies were studied. The results showed that the field recommended concentration of deltamethrin negatively affected biological and the stable population parameters, e.g., number of eggs laid(mummified aphids), emergence RATE of adults and longevity, the INTRINSIC RATE of INCREASE (r) and finite RATE of INCREASE (l) and the mean generation time (T). Overall, the results of this study indicated that deltamethrin caused deleterious effects on the parasitoid and semi-field and field tests seem to be necessary.